基于涡度相关法的长江中下游稻田水分利用效率变化规律

揭示水稻生态系统水分利用效率(WaterUseEfficiency,WUE)的变化规律,有助于动态评价稻田水碳循环过程和农业用水效益。该研究利用涡度相关法得到中国长江中下游双季稻田的3年通量数据,研究生态系统尺度的稻田WUE季节变化规律及其年际差异,揭示生态系统夜间呼吸消耗对稻田水分利用的影响,阐明WUE与净生态系统生产力(Net Ecosystem Productivity,NEP)和ET的关系。结果表明:双季稻WUE季节尺度变化特征与NEP基本一致,呈现出先增大、后减小的趋势,表明其季节变化由NEP主导,取决于作物自身以生育期为尺度的生长发育规律。早、晚稻日均WUE均在拔节孕穗期达到峰值,且在生长中期均维持较高水平,日均WUE分别达到5.8、5.5g/kg。早、晚稻全生育期WUE均值分别为(3.3±0.3)、(3.4±0.4) g/kg,生态系统夜间呼吸消耗使WUE下降40%以上。不同稻季WUE的年际差异达到9.2%～12.4%,其中抽穗开花期差异最大。不同纬度的稻田WUE存在差异,该研究得到的中国长江中下游稻田WUE高于菲律宾、巴西等热带地区稻田,但低于中国东北辽河三角洲稻田,与小麦、玉米等农田生态系统相比,稻田WUE也较低。研究结果可为评价中国长江中下游稻作区农业用水效率以及优化水碳管理模式提供依据。     

“双季稻-冬闲田”生态系统碳交换动态变化及其影响因素

采用涡度相关技术对南方"双季稻-冬闲田"生态系统CO_2通量进行了一年的连续监测,分析了"双季稻-冬闲田"生态系统碳交换[净碳交换量(NEE)、总初级生产力(GPP)和生态系统总呼吸(Reco)]的动态变化及其影响因子。结果表明:南方"双季稻-冬闲田"生态系统NEE具有明显的日变化和季节变化,NEE月平均日变化在生长季表现为较明显的"U"型曲线,不同月份"U"型高度不同;NEE季节变化存在明显的两个吸收期(NEE为负)和三个排放期(NEE为正),NEE在早稻和晚稻的生长季有两个明显的碳吸收期,早稻平均值为-0.58 g C·m~(-2)·d~(-1),最大值出现在2015年6月20日,为-1.77 g C·m~(-2)·d~(-1),晚稻平均值为-1.28 g C·m~(-2),最大值出现在2015年9月19日,为-2.23 g C·m~(-2)·d~(-1);冬闲期存在两个碳排放期,平均值为2.68 g C·m~(-2)·d~(-1)。水稻种植期间白天的净碳交换受光合有效辐射的影响显著,夜间的净碳交换受5 cm土壤温度的显著影响,温度低时的冬闲期温度敏感性高于温度高时的双季稻种植期。全年的NEE总和表现为碳排放,达778.4 g C·m~(-2),GPP为1 643.7 g C·m~(-2),Reco为2 425.8 g C·m~(-2)。因此,南方"双季稻-冬闲田"生态系统有可观的固碳减排潜力。     

Impact of water scarcity on spruce and beech forests

One of the greatest threats posed by ongoing climate change may be regarded the drought caused by changes in precipitation distribution. The aim of presented study was to characterize reactions to dry conditions and conditions without drought stress on gross primary production (GPP) and net ecosystem production (NEP) of spruce and beech forests, as these two species dominate within the European continent. Daily courses of GPP and NEP of these two species were evaluated in relation to an expected decrease in CO2 uptake during dry days. The occurrence of CO2 uptake hysteresis in daily production was also investigated. Our study was performed at Bily Kriz(spruce) and Stitna(beech) mountain forest sites during 2010–2012 period. We applied eddy covariance technique for the estimation of carbon fluxes, vapor pressure deficit and precipitation characteristics together with the SoilClim model for the determination of drought conditions, and the inverse of the Penman–Monteith equation to compute canopy conductance. Significant differences were found in response to reduced water supply for both species. Spruce reacts by closing its stomata before noon and maintaining a reduced photosynthetic activity for the rest of the day, while beech keeps its stomata open as long as possible and slightly reduces photosynthetic activity evenly throughout the entire day. In the spruce forest, we found substantial hysteresis in the light response curve of GPP. In the beech forest, the shape of this curve was different: evening values exceeded morning values.     

风作用甘蔗的动力学仿真模型

针对目前台风作用甘蔗动力学仿真研究中,风作用甘蔗的动力学仿真研究匮乏的问题,对甘蔗进行简化研究,利用测定的几何参数和CREO三维软件建立甘蔗几何模型,测定甘蔗物理力学特性参数,并建立了甘蔗材料模型。同时,建立了流场几何模型和材料模型,采用Hyper Mesh和LS-PrePost软件分别对甘蔗和流场模型进行网格划分,并定义边界条件和流固耦合控制参数;最后,利用LS-DYNA不可压缩流ICFD求解器和强耦合计算方法,考虑大涡模拟湍流模型,实现风与甘蔗的双向流固耦合作用,并对仿真模型精度进行物理验证。结果表明:该仿真模型的构建方法合理,可用于模拟风作用甘蔗的动力学过程,为台风-甘蔗和自然风-作物流固耦合系统动力学仿真建模提供依据。     

Cross-evaluation of measurements of peatland methane emissions on microform and ecosystem scales using high-resolution landcover classification and source weight modelling

The methane exchange in an oligotrophic mire complex was measured on the ecosystem and microform scale with the eddy covariance (EC) and the closed chamber technique, respectively. Information about the distribution of three distinct microform types in the area of interest and in each 30 min EC flux source area was derived from a high-resolution (1 m²) landcover map in combination with an analytical source weight model (Kormann and Meixner, 2001). The mean weighted coverage of flark, lawn and hummock microforms in the EC source area (0.3% : 57% : 43%) closely mirrors the overall distribution in the area of interest (0.5% : 50.1% : 49.4%), despite great differences in microform coverage between individual 30 min EC source areas. The measured ecosystem flux was fitted to the sum of three microform flux models based on environmental variables and weighted by their fractional coverage in the EC source area. This method resulted in a better representation of the ecosystem flux compared to an approach based on only one flux model for the whole ecosystem (R² = 0.87, RMSE = 0.44 vs. R² = 0.74, RMSE = 0.61, n = 5181) and thus constitutes a successful down-scaling of measured ecosystem scale flux to the microform scale. A comparison of down-scaled and measured microform fluxes reveals a good agreement for lawn microforms and systematic differences for flark and hummock microforms. Reasons for the differences are thought to be the limited resolution of the landcover classification and the systematic underestimation of hummock fluxes by the closed chamber technique. As a result, hummock fluxes derived by down-scaling of EC fluxes are considered to be more dependable than closed chamber fluxes. The seasonal ecosystem methane budget from gap-filled EC measurements was 9.4 ± 0.2 g CH₄ m⁻²; the budget derived from up-scaled microform measurements was 8.0 ± 0.8 g CH₄ m⁻². The lower value of the latter budget is attributed to the underestimation of flark and hummock fluxes by closed chamber measurements and to the microform gap-filling procedure. Generally, estimates from up-scaled microform measurements are found to be less certain than estimates from EC measurements.     

Increasing net CO2 uptake by a Danish beech forest during the period from 1996 to 2009

The exchange of CO₂ between the atmosphere and a beech forest near Sorø, Denmark, was measured continuously over 14 years (1996-2009). The simultaneous measurement of many parameters that influence CO₂ uptake makes it possible to relate the CO₂ exchange to recent changes in e.g. temperature and atmospheric CO₂ concentration. The net CO₂ exchange (NEE) was measured by the eddy covariance method. Ecosystem respiration (RE) was estimated from nighttime values and gross ecosystem exchange (GEE) was calculated as the sum of RE and NEE. Over the years the beech forest acted as a sink of on average of 157 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹. In one of the years only, the forest acted as a small source. During 1996-2009 a significant increase in annual NEE was observed. A significant increase in GEE and a smaller and not significant increase in RE was also found. Thus the increased NEE was mainly attributed to an increase in GEE. The overall trend in NEE was significant with an average increase in uptake of 23 g C m⁻² yr⁻². The carbon uptake period (i.e. the period with daily net CO₂ gain) increased by 1.9 days per year, whereas there was a non significant tendency of increase of the leafed period. This means that the leaves stayed active longer. The analysis of CO₂ uptake by the forest by use of light response curves, revealed that the maximum rate of photosynthetic assimilation increased by 15% during the 14-year period. We conclude that the increase in the overall CO₂ uptake of the forest is due to a combination of increased growing season length and increased uptake capacity. We also conclude that long time series of flux measurements are necessary to reveal trends in the data because of the substantial inter-annual variation in the flux.     

Carbon exchange in a freshwater marsh in the Sanjiang Plain, northeastern China

Northern wetlands are critically important to global change because of their role in modulating atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, especially CO₂ and CH₄. At present, continuous observations for CO₂ and CH₄ fluxes from northern wetlands in Asia are still very limited. In this paper, two growing season measurements for CO₂ flux by eddy covariance technique and CH₄ flux by static chamber technique were conducted in 2004 and 2005, at a permanently inundated marsh in the Sanjiang Plain, northeastern China. The seasonal variations of CO₂ exchange and CH₄ flux and the environmental controls on them were investigated. During the growing seasons, large variations in net ecosystem CO₂ exchange (NEE) and gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) were observed with the range of −4.0 to 2.2 (where negative exchange is a gain of carbon from the atmosphere) and 0-7.6 g C m⁻² d⁻¹, respectively. Ecosystem respiration (RE) displayed relatively smooth seasonal pattern with the range of 0.8-4.2 g C m⁻² d⁻¹. More than 70% of the total GEP was consumed by respiration, which resulted in a net CO₂ uptake of 143 ± 9.8 and 100 ± 9.2 g C m⁻² for the marsh over the growing seasons of 2004 and 2005, respectively. A significant portion of the accumulated NEE-C was lost by CH₄ emission during the growing seasons, indicating the great potential of CH₄ emission from the inundated marsh. Air temperature and leaf area index jointly affected the seasonal variation of GEP and the seasonal dynamic of RE was mainly controlled by soil temperature and leaf area index. Soil temperature also exerted the dominant influence over variation of CH₄ flux while no significant relationship was found between CH₄ emission and water table level. The close relationships between carbon fluxes and temperature can provide insights into the response of marsh carbon exchange to a changing climate. Future long term flux measurements over the freshwater marsh ecosystems are undoubtedly necessary.     

小兴安岭天然阔叶混交林生长季CO_2通量特征分析

森林生态系统CO2通量的研究已成为全球变化研究的热点之一。本文采用开路式涡度相关系统对小兴安岭天然阔叶混交林CO2通量进行为期1a的连续观测（2008年）,分析了生长季（5-9月）CO2通量的变化特征。结果表明,在生长季,天然阔叶混交林系统的CO2通量变化范围为-0.46～0.42mg.m-2.s-1;最大吸收量出现在6月份的9：00,最大释放量出现在7月份的5：00。白天气温低于26.63℃时,碳吸收量随气温的升高而加大;但气温超过26.63℃后,则呈相反趋势。夜晚气温在13.50℃时的碳释放量最大。2008年整个生长季呈现白天碳吸收,夜晚碳释放的现象,总体表现为碳吸收,吸收总量为212.32g.m-2。     

黄土塬区麦田能量平衡特征

以黄土塬区冬小麦田为研究对象,基于涡度相关数据分析麦田能量平衡的日变化、季节变化和能量分配特征及其主控因子。结果表明,长武塬区麦田全年获得的净辐射(Rn)为2.56×103MJ·m-2·a-1,涡度相关系统的能量闭合度达到0.72。冬小麦生育期内,越冬期和灌浆期麦田主要能量支配项为感热通量(H),最大值出现在6月,为7.09 MJ·m~(-2)·d~(-1);其他生育期和休闲期,主要能量支配项为潜热通量(LE),最大值出现在5月,为10.71 MJ·m~(-2)·d~(-1)。波文比(β)在生育期平均值为0.57,休闲期为0.46。土壤热通量(G)年总量为-15.26 MJ·m-2·a-1,日总量最大值出现在6月,为1.85 MJ·m~(-2)·d~(-1),10月至次年1月为负值,表现土壤释放热量。     

滩地杨树人工林皆伐后蒸发散与产流变化

[目的]揭示杨树人工林皆伐对滩地蒸发散和产流的影响。[方法]基于涡度相关系统对长江滩地杨树人工林皆伐前后水汽通量连续3年(2010―2012年)的观测数据,通过对比皆伐前、后气候条件相似的2个时段(1整年)的蒸发散,揭示皆伐后研究区蒸发散的变化,并基于水量平衡反推研究区产流的变化。[结果]皆伐后土壤温度和水位上升,土壤表层含水量全年均值减小约0.03;研究区蒸发散皆伐前、后具有相似的日变化规律和季节动态特征,但皆伐后的全年蒸散量仅为皆伐前的66.3%;皆伐后研究区产流率(产流量/降雨量)从皆伐前的0.53上升至0.62;皆伐前、后7、8、12月的干旱指数(潜在蒸发散/降雨量)均大于1,其他时期均小于1。[结论]滩地杨树人工林皆伐后滩地蒸发散减少而产流率增加,加剧夏季干旱的可能性有所降低,但洪水爆发期间削减洪峰的能力也减弱。